{"id":7874,"date":"2024-05-27T11:46:19","date_gmt":"2024-05-27T09:46:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/?p=7874"},"modified":"2024-05-27T21:00:24","modified_gmt":"2024-05-27T19:00:24","slug":"juba-in-maps-1938-1949","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/it\/juba-in-maps-1938-1949\/","title":{"rendered":"Juba in Maps, 1938 &#8211; 1949"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"917\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Figure-1-Juba-1949-3.45-917x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7776\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Figure-1-Juba-1949-3.45-917x1024.jpg 917w, https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Figure-1-Juba-1949-3.45-269x300.jpg 269w, https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Figure-1-Juba-1949-3.45-768x857.jpg 768w, https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Figure-1-Juba-1949-3.45-1376x1536.jpg 1376w, https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Figure-1-Juba-1949-3.45-1835x2048.jpg 1835w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 917px) 100vw, 917px\" \/><figcaption><em>Figure 1: This map comprises six 1:2,500 maps. Sudan Survey (Ma\u1e63la\u1e25at al-Mis\u0101\u1e25ah) Revised &amp; Corrected, September 1949. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.geographyofsources.com\/Juba-1949-3.45%20(medium).jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Click here to explore the map in detail.<\/span><\/a><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>In 1940, Juba had an official population of about 1,600 people, comprising 57 European Government officials, missionaries, and traders, 132 Northern Sudanese officials and traders, 27 Egyptians, and 1,397 Southern Sudanese &#8220;subordinate Govt. employees and local labour,&#8221; in the phrase of a military handbook of the time. There were at least 4 private cars and 15-20 commercial lorries.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7874_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Great Britain (Army) (1940) The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan: handbook of topographical intelligence (Khartoum: General Staff, Intelligence Branch), pp. 67-8.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7874_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> Juba grew rapidly during the next five years, when the town was an important link in the African Forces Line of Communication (AFLOC), the military supply line that connected the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States to Cairo and the North African campaign.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Four years after the Second World War, in 1949, when these maps were published, the town\u2019s population had reached more than 8,265 and the hierarchy of colonial society was plainly visible in the plan of Juba. The Governor\u2019s \u201clarge house\u201d was located \u201cabout 200 feet above the river level,\u201d at town\u2019s highest point, making a prospect from which one could \u201ccommand an extensive view of the surrounding country.\u201d<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7874_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">The house was completed in September 1930. Reports on the finances, administration and condition of the Sudan in 1930 (1930), pp. 153. The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, Handbook of Topographical Intelligence&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_2');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7874_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> On the town\u2019s summit, along the high ridge where Ministries Road runs today, were the wireless transmitting station, the residences of senior British officials, and the Provincial Headquarters. Rotating clockwise around the flagpole in front of the Province HQ, the Juba Hotel, the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 du Haut Uele et du Nil (or SHUN), the Southern Sudan Bookshop, and the Hospital lay at a similar elevation. The Catholic Mission, located just southeast of the hospital, had required an exception to the Mission Spheres policy to establish a headquarters there.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7874_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Located on the west bank of the Nile, Juba falls in a CMS zone. In 1927, Eastern Equatoria was made an autonomous Apostolic Prefecture, which is a kind of ecclesiastical district under the&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_3');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7874_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> To the east, down the hill from the Province HQ and Memorial stone, were the bigger houses of business, junior officials\u2019 residences, bachelors\u2019 quarters, the streets where merchants lived behind their shops, the Native Officials Club, the Post &amp; Telegraph Office, the district headquarters (the merkaz), the vegetable market, and the police lines; at the town bottom, beside the river, were the warehouses and workshops, petrol stores, wharfs, and mills. To the north, a small village called Juba Nabari, (where many of the area\u2019s original inhabitants had been forced to relocate), lay on riverbank to the east of the Juba Forest Reserve.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_30');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_30\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[30]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7874_1_30\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">This settlement was inundated in the early 1960s and abandoned by its residents. Susan Jenkins (1981) Aspects of the informal economic sector of Juba southern Sudan (PhD Dissertation, Durham&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_30');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_30').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7874_1_30', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> To the south, the Power House and pumping station (completed in 1939) provided electricity for lights and fans to houses, offices, and shops and a filtered water supply to the town&#8217;s sanitary district.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"464\" src=\"https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Figure-2-Topographical-map-detail-1024x464.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7779\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Figure-2-Topographical-map-detail-1024x464.png 1024w, https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Figure-2-Topographical-map-detail-300x136.png 300w, https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Figure-2-Topographical-map-detail-768x348.png 768w, https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Figure-2-Topographical-map-detail.png 1081w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption><em>Figure 2: Detail of 1:10,000 topographical (\u201ccontoured\u201d) map produced by the Town Survey Office, Khartoum. April, 1936.<\/em><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[4]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7874_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">A surveyor was first posted to Sudan\u2019s southern provinces in 1936. During that year the first Juba town survey was completed. Governor General\u2019s Report on the finances, administration and&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_4');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7874_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>  <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Juba was divided into two parts by Khor Bau, the small stream that, today, runs between the Hai Malakal Cemetery and the Stadium before flowing into the Nile near the Afex River Camp hotel. To the north of Khor Bau, it was mostly whitewash, brick, stone, and galvanized-iron roofs where Juba\u2019s senior officials\u2019 residences, official buildings, factory areas, and commercial districts were laid out. Malakia, with its mud-thatch houses in clean-swept yards, lay to the south. \u201cAs one passes from one [side of Juba] to the other,\u201d the journalist Anthony Mann remarked during his visit to Juba in the mid-1950s, \u201cit is difficult to realize one is in the same town.\u201d<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[5]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7874_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Anthony Mann, Where God Laughed: The Sudan Today (London: Museum Press Limited, 1954), p. 113.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7874_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"477\" src=\"https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Figure-3-Water-main-and-electric-lines-1024x477.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7782\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Figure-3-Water-main-and-electric-lines-1024x477.png 1024w, https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Figure-3-Water-main-and-electric-lines-300x140.png 300w, https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Figure-3-Water-main-and-electric-lines-768x358.png 768w, https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Figure-3-Water-main-and-electric-lines-1536x716.png 1536w, https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Figure-3-Water-main-and-electric-lines.png 1557w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption><em>Figure 3: Detail centered on the Merkaz (district administrative headquarters). Power House with electric lines and water main. Electric power was put in in 1939 and the pumping system was electrified, providing electric lights and fans to houses, offices, and shops and a filtered water supply to the town&#8217;s \u201csanitary district.\u201d The &#8220;Native Lodging Area&#8221; was neither electrified nor provided with filtered water.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>The plan of Juba was designed to set colonizers and colonial subjects apart, but the practical logistics of empire required these groups to live close together.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[6]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7874_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Admittedly, Juba was an usually spread-out government station. The Governor\u2019s house situated on the town\u2019s highest point, about one and a half miles from the river. Earlier Government stations,&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_6');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7874_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> Starting in 1927, former slave soldiers were transferred to Juba from Mongalla, Gondokoro, and Rejaf and officials instituted a kind of corv\u00e9e system by which area chiefs were forced to provide laborers on a monthly basis to do the work of building the town. This system of forced labor led to the settlement at Burusoki, a residential quarter of about 1,000 people laid out to the south of the aerodrome. Burusoki\u2019s residents were abruptly transferred to a new \u201cNative Lodging Area\u201d in 1934, when the Juba landing ground was made into an anti-amaryl aerodrome as a precaution against the spread of Yellow Fever. A nearly three-kilometer residential cordon for those designated as &#8220;natives&#8221; was established around the aerodrome and Burusoki\u2019s residents were resettled on the site of today\u2019s Malakia neighborhood, which comprised eight blocks of 70 houses and is indicated on the map as the Native Lodging Area. This move helped to entrench Juba\u2019s racialized residential segregation, which, together with the strict social hierarchies that organized the town\u2019s offices, worksites, and places of commerce and leisure, enabled senior European officials to maintain social distance in a setting characterized by regular physical proximity.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Maps like this one were also made to accomplish another separation. Where officials could rely on whole truckloads of soldiers and police to back up their decisions, land surveys allowed administrators to cut through the complicated attachments, overlapping uses, claims and counter-claims, family histories, and varied narratives that developed around any place where people lived in the country. By the late 1930s, officials could simply order people to clear out, secure in the knowledge that everyone understood that refusing such an order would be an open challenge to colonial authority and invite a large number of soldiers to show up. Maps helped administrators and officials to make decisions about land use \u201cat the drawing-table,\u201d by consulting paper maps in their offices, far from the people affected by the decision. In this way maps helped to widen the gap experienced by many between \u201cGovernment\u201d and \u201cthe community.\u201d<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[7]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7874_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">These categories, \u201cGovernment\u201d and \u201cthe community\u201d were co-constituted, of course, partly by practices of separation, partly by people defining themselves against the violent and racist&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_7');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7874_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Between 1856 and 1950, the Sudan Survey (Ma\u1e63la\u1e25at al-Mis\u0101\u1e25ah) produced a series of country-wide, small-scale 1:250,000 maps, <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span style=\"color: #00ccff;\"><a style=\"color: #00ccff; text-decoration: underline;\" href=\"http:\/\/iiif.durham.ac.uk\/jalava\/#index\/t2c7s75dc36q\/t2c2j62s484q\/t2cn583xt97m\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; text-decoration: underline;\">all manner of thematic maps<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span> (rainfall, population movements, agricultural regions, wildlife habitats, animal densities, \u201ctribes\u201d and languages, and so on), and large-scale town maps.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[8]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7874_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Cartographers use the terms \u201clarge scale\u201d and \u201csmall scale\u201d to refer to the representative fraction, the relation of a given \u201cunit\u201d on a map to \u201cunits\u201d of the same type on the ground.&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_8');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7874_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> The large map (Fig. 1) comprises six 1:2,500 maps that have been stitched together.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[9]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7874_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Revisions to the Juba town survey were completed in 1936, when a surveyor was posted to the Southern provinces, and level surveys for drainage schemes were made. These maps were published in 1938.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7874_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> Each 60 x 80 cm map is mounted on rough cloth and held by the Library of Congress in Washington DC.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>These are lovely maps. But their precision and apparent detail can be misleading. A great deal has been left out. These maps show municipal boundaries, residential blocks and plot numbers, roads, an aerodrome, official buildings, and two forest reserve areas. They do not show tukls or the pathways and alleys that connect them, nor the courtyards where people relaxed or shared meals. Homesteads within town boundaries are not shown, creating the impression that the area was uninhabited by anyone whose residence there had not been fore-planned and authorized.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[10]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7874_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"> Officials routinely evicted people and burned their houses down to discourage them from living in places that had not be authorized by those officials.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7874_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> Places for collecting water are not shown. There is no indication of the color of the soil or the rocks. Places that become marsh during the rainy season are not shown. There are no features suggesting pre-colonial occupation of the area. Two sacred rocks, Pita and Kaku, are not present on the map. These are not simply blank spaces. They\u2019re deliberate omissions.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>These omissions allow the map to present a story of imperial accomplishment. A map like this is a fantasy of perfect control and correspondence between plans and their realization. It shows an aerodrome, a 167-bed hospital, \u201ca modern hotel,\u201d and provincial offices together with \u201cfirst-class roads\u201d and water pipes spread out on open ground, as if the area had been uninhabited prior to 1928, when the first stones were laid for the Sudan Railroads and Customs offices (S.R. Office Customs Office on the map) to prepare for the steamer service.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[11]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7874_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">C.H.Z. Piercy, \u201cPublic works in Equatorial Province, 1928-1938\u201d (letter to Richard Hill, 2 Mar 1966, SAD.298\/4\/4). <\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7874_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> Indeed, this is the story told by John N. Richardson, Deputy Governor of Mongalla Province, in \u201cBari Notes,\u201d a short account of the founding of Juba published in Sudan Notes &amp; Records one year before the Province Headquarters was transferred there: \u201cThe town of Juba is one of the few towns in Africa, which has been planned and built without any necessity of paying compensation to original inhabitants and without the handicap of having to make a new town fit with the old town or village.\u201d <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[12]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7874_1_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">J.N. [John Noel] Richardson, Bari Notes. II Juba, Sudan Notes and Records 16, part 2, (1933), pp. 183.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7874_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>This was not true, of course. There were scattered homesteads and a handful of Bari villages in the vicinity of the site that had been chosen for Juba when it was surveyed in 1927.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_13');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[13]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7874_1_13\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">That people in the area tended to live in scattered homesteads, rather than compact villages, perhaps made it easier for authors like Richardson to represent the area as terra nullius. <\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_13').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7874_1_13', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> One of these was called Juba\u2014at least by George O. Whitehead, who was attached to the C.M.S. Nugent Mission School there, which at the time lay on the outskirts of the village.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_14');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[14]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7874_1_14\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">The CMS Nugent Mission School was established in 1920 and comprised a \u201chouse, school, church, workshop, and about twelve huts for boys.\u201d The school was relocated to Loka in 1930. Christopher&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_14');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_14').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7874_1_14', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> Richardson remarks, \u201cthe village of Juba \u2026 contained some 36 homes [or about 130 adults] under Magara as headman,\u201d at the time \u201c[w]hen the Government told them they would have to clear out\u201d (p.186).<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_15');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[15]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7874_1_15\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Richardson, Bari Notes, p. 184, 186. Roger Hill gives an average occupancy rate of 3.58 persons per tukl for 1978\/9. Roger Hill, (1981) Migration to Juba: a case study, Durham theses, Durham&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_15');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_15').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7874_1_15', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> One does not imagine that they were particularly happy about being forced to pick up and move without compensation in order to make space for the construction of Government offices.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_16');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[16]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7874_1_16\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Settlement Officer, Juba. \u201cJudgement,\u201d 23 November 1950. Juba Town Scheme, 1947. [Juba archives] 38\/A\/5 \u2013 113. Several other villages have been \u2026. By Juba\u2019s expansion\u2026<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_16').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7874_1_16', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> Indeed, Whitehead described how the \u201cclear out\u201d led the community to split into two: when the residents of the village were made to leave, some of the older men consulted a diviner, who argued against that a site previously chosen by Magara on the grounds that \u201cthe ground was bad,\u201d Whitehead said. \u201c[T]hough the bulk of the village followed the [diviner\u2019s] advice, and chose a site by the river bank,\u201d (presumably to Juba Nabari), Magara, his brother, and their families went their own way.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_17');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[17]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7874_1_17\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">This story provided by Whitehead is given by the Seligmans to illustrate \u201cthe independence of outlook in religious matter\u201d characteristic, they say, of this part of the Nile Valley, where though&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_17');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_17').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7874_1_17', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"490\" src=\"https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Figure-4.-Customs-and-Railways-steamer-shops-1024x490.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7785\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Figure-4.-Customs-and-Railways-steamer-shops-1024x490.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Figure-4.-Customs-and-Railways-steamer-shops-300x144.jpg 300w, https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Figure-4.-Customs-and-Railways-steamer-shops-768x368.jpg 768w, https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Figure-4.-Customs-and-Railways-steamer-shops-1536x735.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Figure-4.-Customs-and-Railways-steamer-shops-2048x980.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption><em>Figure 4: Detail centered on the location of the village of Juba in 1925, which was located on the site of the \u201cCustoms and Railway and Steamers shops\u201d (Customs Office and S.R. Office on this map). Richardson (1933) Bari Notes. Sudan Notes &amp; Records.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>The legacy of imperial rule remains clearly visible in contemporary Juba. Though the city has seen great demographic and physical expansion, (particularly, after the Comprehensive Peace Agreement of 2005), Juba has broadly developed along the lines established in the 1940s. The first-class housing laid along Ministries Road for senior British officials remains an area of spacious buildings, which house government ministries and officials, ambassadors, and the residences and offices of the South Sudan\u2019s largest international organizations. The town\u2019s old commercial quarter, which was occupied by Northern Sudanese, Egyptians, Cypriots and Greeks, Italians and Maltese, Lebanese, Syrians, Indians, and Pakistanis, and other foreigners, remains a cosmopolitan and important center of commerce. Residents of the Native Lodging Area (today\u2019s Malakia) saw minimal investment in infrastructure or amenities as the area was extended in the 1930s and 1940s to comprise Kosti, Malakal, Nimr Talata, and then Hilla Jallaba, much as residents of the present city\u2019s largely self-governing residential suburbs must often make do with what they can build themselves. Indeed, as the historian Cherry Leonardi has pointed out, this aspect of the growth of Juba recalls even older patterns: \u201c[s]uch concentric patterns of settlement around the town [as Juba\u2019s suburbs] reveal the replication of the zariba patterns of the nineteenth century.\u201d<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_18');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[18]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7874_1_18\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Cherry Leonardi, Dealing with Government in South Sudan (James Currey, 2015), pp. 82-83.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_18').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7874_1_18', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><strong><span style=\"color: #ff9900;\">Points of Interest<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>SHUN<\/strong>. The Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 du Haut Uele et du Nil, or SHUN, was a trade concern and transportation service established in Aba in 1924 to link the Belgian Congo and Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. It was directed in Juba by Nikolaus Metaxas (1879-1946), who, during the First World War, had built up a profitable business exporting Egyptian cotton byway of the Rejaf-Aba Road through the Belgian Congo. In Juba, SHUN provided regular car service for passengers travelling between Aba and Juba.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_19');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_19\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[19]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7874_1_19\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">C.H.Z. Piercy, \u201cPublic works in Equatorial Province, 1928-1938\u201d (letter to Richard Hill, 2 Mar 1966, SAD.298\/4\/3). Richard Hill, A Biographical Dictionary of the Sudan, 2nd ed. (Taylor &amp;&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_19');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_19').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7874_1_19', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The <strong>Southern Sudan Bookshop<\/strong> was stocked with school texts and various Christian reading materials, including hymn and prayer books and portions of the old and New Testament scriptures in Bari, Moru, Azande, Dinka, and other languages. The bookshop was later re-named the Apaya Bookshop after Canon Andarea Apaya, \u201cone of the first two Sudanese ordained in the Episcopal Church.\u201d<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_20');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_20\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[20]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7874_1_20\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">He was ordained in 1941 and served mainly in Lui until his death in 1966. Kuyok Abol Kuyok. South Sudan: The Notable Firsts . AuthorHouse UK. Kindle Edition. Roland Werner, William Anderson, Andrew&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_20');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_20').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7874_1_20', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Forest Reserves.<\/strong> Two forest reserves are present on these maps. The Juba Reforestation Area was a forest of 152 feddans that lay to the south of the Wireless Transmission Station in the triangular area formed, today, by Ministries Road, University Road, and Unity Avenue. The Juba Forest Reserve lay along the river and to the east of the aerodrome and north of Juba town. This forest reserve helped to meet demands for firewood for bakeries, tobacco curing, and other uses in the growing town.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Native Officials Club.<\/strong> The Native Officials Club was built in 1936. It had been put forward, an official wrote, &#8220;on both social and health grounds.&#8221; No existing building was then available and the justification given for building a club is revealing of Juba\u2019s housing conditions in the late-1930s: &#8220;At present the native officials have nowhere to go in the evenings except their own very unattractive houses and as a result tend to sit in the street outside a shop where they are heavily bitten by mosquitoes. There is a very definite demand for a building of this kind, which will be intensified by the increase of staff resultant on the province amalgamation.&#8221;<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_21');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_21\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[21]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7874_1_21\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">(Juba Archive) EP\/9\/B.1 p.88. P.W.D. Form No. 1. 1936 Building programme. Province Buildings. Native Officials Club.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_21').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7874_1_21', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"463\" src=\"https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Figure-5-Native-Lodging-Area-1024x463.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7821\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Figure-5-Native-Lodging-Area-1024x463.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Figure-5-Native-Lodging-Area-300x136.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Figure-5-Native-Lodging-Area-768x347.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Figure-5-Native-Lodging-Area-1536x695.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Figure-5-Native-Lodging-Area.jpeg 1844w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption><em>Figure 5: Detail &#8211; \u201cNative Lodging Area\u201d &#8211; labelled after Shuichiro (2013). (A) Mijiki, (B) Miri Nyanyar, (C) Karaya, (D) Payawa, (E) Malakia Primary (\u201cSub School\u201d on the map), (F) Rik\u00f6, (G) Do\u014boda, (H) Miri Abani.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_22');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_22\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[22]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7874_1_22\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Nakao Shuichiro, A History from Below: Malakia in Juba, South Sudan, c. 1927-1954. The Journal of Sophia Asian Studies 31 (2013), p. 147.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_22').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7874_1_22', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>  The third-class area lying directly to the north is Nima-Talata. The Game Scouts quarters were located at it north-westernmost extent. The area on both sides of the Ferry Road was allotted as residences to chiefs from Tarakeka, Tali, Lako Legge, and Lolik Lado. These residences were allocated to provide a kind of cordoned \u201cvillage\u201d space within town, where chiefs and villagers could stay when they had some official business in the Merkez. The Malakiya \u201cA\u201d Court building lay just to the northwest of the area allotted to Tarakeka Chiefs. (I) Market area, in what is today Konyo-Konyo Market. The Marisa Quarters, an area where bars were permitted to operate that lay to the east of Payawa and Miri Abani, lay to the south west of the \u201cI\u201d indicated on this map.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_23');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_23\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[23]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7874_1_23\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">First Population Census of Sudan 1955\/56: Final report. Town planners&#8217; supplement<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_23').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7874_1_23', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>  By 1955, a Sudanese Army Detachment camp was located to the south of the Malakiya.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<p><strong>Native Lodging Area<\/strong>. Juba\u2019s population grew during the winter and spring each year with the arrival in the Malakia of a floating stratum of itinerant petty traders, craftsmen, domestic workers, porters and other casual laborers, family members and various guests and other visitors. Colonial officials viewed this migration to town \u201cas an evasion of chiefly authority\u201d\u2014in the Cherry Leonardi\u2019s phrase\u2014and a loosening of \u201crural social control,\u201d which, officials believed, would lead to people becoming discontented and rebellious.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_24');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_24\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[24]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7874_1_24\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">The scale of forced and conscript labor grew to such proportions during the Second World War that many chiefs in the vicinity of Juba reported that their \u201csubjects had run away.\u201d Leonardi, Cherry&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_24');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_24').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7874_1_24', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> Officials thus sought to maintain sharp social and physical boundaries between the town and the surrounding countryside.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_25');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_25\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[25]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7874_1_25\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Cherry Leonardi, Dealing with Government in South Sudan (James Currey, 2015), p.82<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_25').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7874_1_25', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> Each April, when the rains began, officers made their way through Juba, rounding people up, loading them into government lorries, and \u2018despatch[ing] them \u2026 to their home centres\u2019 to begin farming.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_26');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_26\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[26]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7874_1_26\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">L.R. Mills, The People of Juba: Demographics and Socio-Economic Characteristics of the Capital of Southern Sudan (University of Juba, 1981), p.7.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_26').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7874_1_26', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>Those who were permitted to live within the town boundaries were assigned to \u201cNative Lodging Areas,\u201d cordoned districts placed outside official town housing schemes, where they were not entitled to any amenities such as water or electricity. Not having title or tenure, residents\u2019 precarious housing situation under a temporary tenancy system helped to ensure that they supplied cheap and easily controlled labor to colonial authorities who could arrest them or turn them out at any time.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Juba Malakia of the 1940s comprised the Malakia Primary School and seven residential blocks, each of which were divided into ten plots demarcated by castor oil trees. Each block was organized under a chief, partly in an effort by officials to maintain what they believed to be customary modes of \u201ctraditional authority.\u201d While this arrangement in Juba strongly recalls rural patterns of Indirect Rule, Ahmed Alawad Sikainga points out that seeing this urban system as being modelled on rural Native Administration gets history the wrong way around. The techniques by which British officials violently reordered space in Juba so that they could see South Sudanese people as culturally and emotionally distant, or represent them on a map, for example, were developed first in close physical proximity. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_27');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_27\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[27]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7874_1_27\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Visitors to the town in the 1930-1950s sometimes remarked that the Malakia seemed to have been put there to provide tourists with a view of what Livingstone, Stanley, Speke, Grant, or Baker had seen.&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_27');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_27').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7874_1_27', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> Sudan\u2019s first \u201cNative quarters,\u201d the Daims (\u201cresidential quarter\u201d) of Khartoum, were settled by ex-slaves and reorganized under \u201cSheikhs\u201d when Khartoum was rebuilt as a sanitary city along \u201cEuropean lines\u201d during the earliest years of Anglo-Egyptian rule.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_28');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_28\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[28]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7874_1_28\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"> In 1902, E.A. Stanton described how any Sudanese \u201cwho were not either house holders or living with their employers [were] turned out and made to live in the large native village outside the lines&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_28');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_28').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7874_1_28', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> The policy that came to be known as of Native Administration and was later applied to rural areas, in the 1920s, partly in response to the problem of having too few trained administrators, was first developed in towns.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_29');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_29\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[29]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7874_1_29\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Ahmed Alawad Sikainga, Slaves into Workers: Emancipation and Labor in Colonial Sudan (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1996), pp. 76-81, 92<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_29').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7874_1_29', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<p>Brendan Tuttle<\/p>\n<div class=\"us_posts_bottom\" style=\"margin-top:50px;margin-bottom:50px;\"><div class=\"us_wrapper us_share_buttons us_tac us_skin_minimal\" data-text=\"Juba in the Making\" data-url=\"http:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7874\/\" data-ajaxnetworks=\"facebook\"><div class=\"us_facebook us_first us_button\"><a class=\"us_box\" href=\"#\"><div class=\"us_share\"><i class=\"us-icon-facebook\"><\/i><\/div><div class=\"us_count\"><\/div><\/a><\/div><div class=\"us_twitter us_last us_no_count us_button\"><a class=\"us_box\" href=\"#\"><div class=\"us_share\"><i class=\"us-icon-twitter\"><\/i><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_7874_1();\">References<\/span><span class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_7874_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_7874_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_7874_1\" style=\"\"> <table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Great Britain (Army) (1940) The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan: handbook of topographical intelligence (Khartoum: General Staff, Intelligence Branch), pp. 67-8.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">The house was completed in September 1930. Reports on the finances, administration and condition of the Sudan in 1930 (1930), pp. 153. The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, Handbook of Topographical Intelligence (1940), pp. 66-68. From this vantage, one could see \u201cthe tops of the grass roofs of the malakia.\u201d Peter Molloy, The Cry of the Fish Eagle (London: Michael Joseph, 1957), p. 17.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Located on the west bank of the Nile, Juba falls in a CMS zone. In 1927, Eastern Equatoria was made an autonomous Apostolic Prefecture, which is a kind of ecclesiastical district under the jurisdiction of a prefect (rather than one like a diocese or bishopric, which is under a bishop). Giuseppe Zambonardi (1884-1970) was appointed Prefect and took up residence in Juba. The Roman Catholic Mission built a headquarters in Juba in 1934, and Saint Joseph&#8217;s Church was opened by 1935. The British Government demanded Zambonardi&#8217;s replacement by a non-Italian following the Italian invasion of Ethiopia. Zambonardi left in 1938 and was replaced by Stephen Mlaki\u0107 (1884-1951), who was born in Austria-Hungary (in Fojnica, Bosnia) and worked in Khartoum (1920-1927), Port Sudan (1931-1933), Yoynyang (1927-1931, 1933-1937), Malakal (1937-1938), and Juba (1938-1950). Fr Francesco Chemello, <span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #3366ff;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.comboni.org\/app-data\/files\/allegati\/1856.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A Long Love Story: The Comboni Mission in South Sudan, from the beginning 1857-2017<\/a><\/span><\/span> (Bibliotheca Comboniana, 2017). P. Francesco Chemello, <span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.comboni.org\/app-data\/files\/allegati\/3802.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Una Grande Storia D&#8217;Amore<\/a><\/span> (Bibliotheca Comboniana, 2021). Fr. Francesco Chemello, <span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #3366ff;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.comboni.org\/app-data\/files\/allegati\/1563.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Comboni Missionaries in South Sudan: An outline history<\/a><\/span><\/span> (Fondazione Nigrizia Onlus, 2017). In those days there were Catholic missions in Rejaf, Torit, Isoke, Palotaka, Okaru, and Kapoeta.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_4');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">A surveyor was first posted to Sudan\u2019s southern provinces in 1936. During that year the first Juba town survey was completed. Governor General\u2019s Report on the finances, administration and condition of the Sudan (1936), p. 73. <\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_5');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_5\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Anthony Mann, Where God Laughed: The Sudan Today (London: Museum Press Limited, 1954), p. 113.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_6');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_6\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Admittedly, Juba was an usually spread-out government station. The Governor\u2019s house situated on the town\u2019s highest point, about one and a half miles from the river. Earlier Government stations, which were built before colonial terror campaigns had reassured officials that they would not be attacked, were often more compact. By the 1930, motor roads had been completed and motorized transport to and from offices had become common practice. These factors combined to allow a more spread-out town to be planned and built. C.H.Z. Piercy, \u201cPublic works in Equatorial Province, 1928-1938\u201d (letter to Richard Hill, 2 Mar 1966, SAD.298\/4\/2).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_7');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_7\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">These categories, \u201cGovernment\u201d and \u201cthe community\u201d were co-constituted, of course, partly by practices of separation, partly by people defining themselves against the violent and racist logics of empire. Other political dichotomies (such as between moral logics of the town and the village) were also overlaid on this division. But much as power was founded on these oppositions, they were never wholly complete. Even surveys were not always detailed enough to \u201cenable a plan to be drawn at the drawing-table.\u201d In the \u201cNorthern Second Class Area,\u201d for example, small plots were laid out in a grid without reference to outcrops of rock or the slope of the land. In 1950, S.R. Simpson, the Commissioner of Lands and Registrar General, suggested that the planner and surveyor work together, pegging out lines which roads would follow and marking off plots in \u201cvarious shapes and sizes.\u201d S.R. [Stanhope Rowton] Simpson, Notes on Various Problems in Juba, Khartoum 15 June 1950, p. 4. Juba Archive, 38\/8\/5 \u2013 15.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_8');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_8\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Cartographers use the terms \u201clarge scale\u201d and \u201csmall scale\u201d to refer to the representative fraction, the relation of a given \u201cunit\u201d on a map to \u201cunits\u201d of the same type on the ground. Thus a representative fraction of 1:2,500 means that 1 inch on a map represents about 206 feet or 0.039 miles on the ground and is a larger scale than 1:250,000 (where 1 inch represents about 4 miles), despite the later showing a larger area. <\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_9');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_9\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Revisions to the Juba town survey were completed in 1936, when a surveyor was posted to the Southern provinces, and level surveys for drainage schemes were made. These maps were published in 1938.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_10');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_10\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"> Officials routinely evicted people and burned their houses down to discourage them from living in places that had not be authorized by those officials.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_11');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_11\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">C.H.Z. Piercy, \u201cPublic works in Equatorial Province, 1928-1938\u201d (letter to Richard Hill, 2 Mar 1966, SAD.298\/4\/4). <\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_12');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_12\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">J.N. [John Noel] Richardson, Bari Notes. II Juba, Sudan Notes and Records 16, part 2, (1933), pp. 183.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_13');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_13\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">That people in the area tended to live in scattered homesteads, rather than compact villages, perhaps made it easier for authors like Richardson to represent the area as terra nullius. <\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_14');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_14\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">The CMS Nugent Mission School was established in 1920 and comprised a \u201chouse, school, church, workshop, and about twelve huts for boys.\u201d The school was relocated to Loka in 1930. Christopher Tounsel, Chosen Peoples: Christianity and Political Imagination in South Sudan (Duke, 2021), p.29.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_15');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_15\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>15<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Richardson, Bari Notes, p. 184, 186. Roger Hill gives an average occupancy rate of 3.58 persons per tukl for 1978\/9. Roger Hill, (1981) Migration to Juba: a case study, Durham theses, Durham University, p.218. Naseem Badiey (2014) records an alternative version of these events given by Tongung Lado Rombe, a Bari elder and Community Association Chairman: \u201c[Juba] was built on the site of a Bari village called Tindu\u2026 and gained its name from the village chief who was called Jub\u00e9 [or Jubek].\u201d Naseem Badiey, The State of Post-conflict Reconstruction (James Currey, 2014), 38. Robin Mills says that the village was named after a rock outcrop in the river. L. Robin Mills, The People of Juba (University of Juba, Population and Manpower Unit, 1981), p.4.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_16');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_16\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>16<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Settlement Officer, Juba. \u201cJudgement,\u201d 23 November 1950. Juba Town Scheme, 1947. [Juba archives] 38\/A\/5 \u2013 113. Several other villages have been \u2026. By Juba\u2019s expansion\u2026<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_17');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_17\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>17<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">This story provided by Whitehead is given by the Seligmans to illustrate \u201cthe independence of outlook in religious matter\u201d characteristic, they say, of this part of the Nile Valley, where though diviners may be \u201cconsulted in circumstances of doubt or difficulty,\u201d others may disregard their advice. Charles G. Seligman and Brenda Z. Seligman, The Bari, The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 58 (1928), 436. A photograph of Magara taken by Whitehead is included as Plate XLV. I am following Simonse (2008, p.371) by rendering \u2018bunit as \u201cdiviner.\u201d Simon Simonse, Kings of Disaster: Dualism, Centralism and the Scapegoat King in Southeastern Sudan (Kampala: Fountain, 2018).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_18');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_18\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>18<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Cherry Leonardi, Dealing with Government in South Sudan (James Currey, 2015), pp. 82-83.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_19');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_19\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>19<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">C.H.Z. Piercy, \u201cPublic works in Equatorial Province, 1928-1938\u201d (letter to Richard Hill, 2 Mar 1966, SAD.298\/4\/3). Richard Hill, A Biographical Dictionary of the Sudan, 2nd ed. (Taylor &amp; Francis, 2019), p. 238. Congo Belge, <span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #3366ff;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff; text-decoration: underline;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.kaowarsom.be\/documents\/BOC\/BOC1933ann.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Annexes au Bulletin Officiel du Belgisch-Congo<\/a><\/span><\/span> (1933), pp.626-630.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_20');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_20\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>20<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">He was ordained in 1941 and served mainly in Lui until his death in 1966. Kuyok Abol Kuyok. South Sudan: The Notable Firsts . AuthorHouse UK. Kindle Edition. Roland Werner, William Anderson, Andrew Wheeler, Day of Devastation, Day of Contentment (Paulines, 2000), 496. Martin Marial Takpiny, Samuel E. Kayanga, Andrew C. Wheeler, Wesley Natana, \u201cCMS Stations in Southern Sudan,\u201d in \u201cBut God is Not Defeated!\u201d (Paulines, 1999), 72.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_21');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_21\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>21<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">(Juba Archive) EP\/9\/B.1 p.88. P.W.D. Form No. 1. 1936 Building programme. Province Buildings. Native Officials Club.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_22');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_22\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>22<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Nakao Shuichiro, A History from Below: Malakia in Juba, South Sudan, c. 1927-1954. The Journal of Sophia Asian Studies 31 (2013), p. 147.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_23');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_23\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>23<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">First Population Census of Sudan 1955\/56: Final report. Town planners&#8217; supplement<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_24');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_24\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>24<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">The scale of forced and conscript labor grew to such proportions during the Second World War that many chiefs in the vicinity of Juba reported that their \u201csubjects had run away.\u201d Leonardi, Cherry (2005) Knowing authority: colonial governance and local community in Equatoria Province, Sudan, 1900-1956 (PhD dissertation, Durham University), p. 143.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_25');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_25\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>25<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Cherry Leonardi, Dealing with Government in South Sudan (James Currey, 2015), p.82<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_26');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_26\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>26<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">L.R. Mills, The People of Juba: Demographics and Socio-Economic Characteristics of the Capital of Southern Sudan (University of Juba, 1981), p.7.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_27');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_27\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>27<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Visitors to the town in the 1930-1950s sometimes remarked that the Malakia seemed to have been put there to provide tourists with a view of what Livingstone, Stanley, Speke, Grant, or Baker had seen. In those days, air passengers stopping overnight in Juba were given the afternoon to stroll along the town\u2019s \u201cpleasing water-front\u201d or to visit a mission church or \u201cnative village.\u201d Grace Crile, Skyways to a Jungle Laboratory: An African Adventure (New York: W.W. Norton &amp; Co., 1936).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_28');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_28\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>28<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"> In 1902, E.A. Stanton described how any Sudanese \u201cwho were not either house holders or living with their employers [were] turned out and made to live in the large native village outside the lines of fortifications. Here the natives are divided into tribes, each of which had its own section under its own Sheikh, the whole being under one Head Sheikh.\u201d E.A. Stanton, \u201cKhartoum Province,\u201d Governor General\u2019s Report on the finances, administration and condition of the Sudan (1902), p. 312.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_29');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_29\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>29<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Ahmed Alawad Sikainga, Slaves into Workers: Emancipation and Labor in Colonial Sudan (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1996), pp. 76-81, 92<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7874_1_30');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7874_1_30\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>30<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">This settlement was inundated in the early 1960s and abandoned by its residents. Susan Jenkins (1981) Aspects of the informal economic sector of Juba southern Sudan (PhD Dissertation, Durham University), p. 33.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_7874_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_7874_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_7874_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_7874_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_7874_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_7874_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_7874_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_7874_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_7874_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_7874_1(); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_7874_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_7874_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 In 1940, Juba had an official population of about 1,600 people, comprising 57 European Government officials, missionaries, and traders, 132 Northern Sudanese officials and traders, 27 Egyptians, and 1,397 Southern Sudanese &#8220;subordinate Govt. employees and local labour,&#8221; in the phrase of a military handbook of the time. There were at least 4 private &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/it\/juba-in-maps-1938-1949\/\">Continua<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":7781,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[79,81,82,83,84,114,85,87,88,89,90,77,112,91,96,86,92,93,94,80,97,98,99,22,106,100,108,102,103],"tags":[141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,119,150],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7874\/"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post\/"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5\/"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments\/?post=7874"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7874\/revisions\/"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7890,"href":"https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7874\/revisions\/7890\/"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7781\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/?parent=7874"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories\/?post=7874"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags\/?post=7874"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}