{"id":6860,"date":"2021-03-11T17:07:03","date_gmt":"2021-03-11T16:07:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/to-the-juba-wharf\/"},"modified":"2022-07-20T16:58:10","modified_gmt":"2022-07-20T14:58:10","slug":"to-the-juba-wharf","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/it\/to-the-juba-wharf\/","title":{"rendered":"To The Juba Wharf"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Juba was established on a rocky ridge extending east from Jebel K\u00f6r\u00f6k (popularly called Jebel Kujur) to a bend in the Bahr al Jebel where it was deep enough for steamer traffic. Unlike many of South Sudan\u2019s towns (Wau, Tonj, Shambe, Meshra-el-Rek, Rumbek, Bor, and so forth), Juba was not a former slaving station that had been remade into an outpost of military and civil administration. The site was chosen as a new administrative headquarters in 1927 by Arthur Wallace Skrine, the Governor of Mongalla Province and \u2018a constant sufferer from malaria,\u2019 after Gondokoro and Mongalla had each proved to be \u2018unhealthy\u2019 locations in his estimation.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6860_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6860_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6860_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">J. N. Richardson, \u201cBari Notes,\u201d Sudan Notes and Records 16, no. 2 (1933), 181-186.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6860_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> During a visit to the Church Missionary Society (C.M.S.) station established by Archibald Shaw near a small Bari village, Skrine decided that the ridge running down to the river would be a healthy site for a provincial headquarters.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6860_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6860_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6860_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">C.H. Piercy, 1966, Public Works in Equatoria Province 1928-1938 (SAD 298\/4\/2). Governor-General\u2019s Report on the finances, administration and condition of the Sudan in 1928, pp. 139-140. The village&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6860_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6860_1_2');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6860_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> Building began in 1928 with a steamer office and the construction of a 22-mile road connecting the new station to the Rejaf-Aba road.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6860_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6860_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6860_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">This road came to be known as the \u201cRoute Royale\u201d after it was used by King Albert of the Belgians to make his way to the Congo to open the Albert National Park.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6860_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> The Juba Hotel was completed during the following year, in 1929, and government buildings and houses for officials were laid out along the ridge overlooking the swampy lowlands to the north.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6860_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6860_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[4]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6860_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Governor-General\u2019s Report on the finances, administration and condition of the Sudan in 1928, pp. 139-140.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6860_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> From this summit, where Ministry Road runs today, British officials could keep an eye on Burusoki, Juba\u2019s old \u2018Native Lodging Area,\u2019 whose residents had been brought there to build the town.<\/p>\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>By 1934, about one thousand people had settled at Burusoki, when, as a precaution against Yellow Fever, the landing ground was made into an anti-amaryl aerodrome: surrounded by a 3 km residential cordon and equipped with a medical officer and mosquito-proof quarters for medical inspections, isolation, and passengers. Residents were abruptly transferred to Burokorongo (today\u2019s Malakia) and Burusoki was demolished.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6860_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6860_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[5]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6860_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Yellow Fever was detected in South Sudan in 1933. Officials considered moving the aerodrome, but no other suitable place could be found. To prevent the spread of Yellow Fever, a residential cordon of&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6860_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6860_1_5');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6860_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> The new Native Lodging Area was laid out on a ridge rising from the bank of Khor-bou\u2014which separated it from the hospital to the north and provided a stripe of scrubland where children could play\u2014and then dipping into Khor Lobuyet to the south. It was composed of the Malakia Primary School and seven residential blocks, each of which were divided into ten plots demarcated by castor oil trees.<\/p>\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The province headquarters were moved to Juba from Mongalla in 1930.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6860_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6860_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[6]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6860_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Governor-General\u2019s Reports on the finances, administration and condition of the Sudan in 1930. p. 136.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6860_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> By the mid-1930s, travelers disembarking at the quay, where the White Nile steamer tied up, would have found themselves on a small wharf not far from the heart of a little colonial town of about twelve-hundred people. Directly in front of them lay a short stretch of road running parallel to the river. The well-stocked store of Mr. Crassus, a Greek merchant, stood at the crossroads, flanked by two shops with Indian proprietors and a row of small workshops and warehouses, a bakery, and several small cottages. About one kilometer to the west along the town\u2019s principal thoroughfare one came to the Juba Hotel. Nearby, the town\u2019s center was marked at a crossroad by a memorial stone which had been decorated with little plaques inscribed with the names of nineteenth-century missionaries, mercenaries, officers and administrators employed by the Ottoman-Egyptian regime (1820-1885): Louis Sabatier, Ferdinand Werne, Ignatius Knoblecher, Samuel Baker, Charles Gordon, Emin Pasha, Romolo Gessi, and Charles Chaill\u00e9-Long. The town\u2019s main axis radiated outward from the stone. One road ran north to south, from the aerodrome, past the Juba Hotel and the Juba Hospital, across Khor-bou to Malakia, and then to Kator and the ferry-crossing. The other ran west to east, from the offices and residences of the town\u2019s administrators (the district officer, doctor, nurse, public works and public health officials, and the agricultural officer), past the Mudeeria, the Hotel, and Mr. Crassus\u2019 store, to the wharf where the White Nile ferry moored.<\/p>\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/FIG-1_Juba-Memorial-Stone-SAD_787-003-121-1024x566.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6686\" width=\"836\" height=\"462\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/FIG-1_Juba-Memorial-Stone-SAD_787-003-121-1024x566.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/FIG-1_Juba-Memorial-Stone-SAD_787-003-121-300x166.jpg 300w, https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/FIG-1_Juba-Memorial-Stone-SAD_787-003-121-768x424.jpg 768w, https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/FIG-1_Juba-Memorial-Stone-SAD_787-003-121-1536x849.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/FIG-1_Juba-Memorial-Stone-SAD_787-003-121-2048x1132.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 836px) 100vw, 836px\" \/><figcaption><em>Figure 1: Mudeeria and Memorial stone (courtesy of Durham University Library SAD.787\/3\/121). The names on the memorial obelisk were meant to place visitors to Juba in the company of an earlier era\u2019s heroic figures. It also had arrows pointing to the Juba Wharf, the Aerodrome, Uganda, Kenya, and Belgian Congo\u2014other places and ways of getting there. Perhaps the best one can say about this memorial is that it was meant to suggest that Juba was a kind of \u201ccrossroad of the South\u201d\u2014as Anthony Mann put it in his description of the city in Where God Laughed (Trinity Press, 1954)\u2014a transit point to somewhere else. But Juba insisted on becoming a place. The town\u2019s<span class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\"> <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Mobil-Roundabout-Juba-In-The-Making-002.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">new memorial,<\/a><\/span> located in the Mobil Roundabout near All Saints Cathedral, has plaques recording events related to the country\u2019s history and the actions of its citizens.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/FIG-2_-SAD.343_1_134-1024x706.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6689\" width=\"858\" height=\"591\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/FIG-2_-SAD.343_1_134-1024x706.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/FIG-2_-SAD.343_1_134-300x207.jpg 300w, https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/FIG-2_-SAD.343_1_134-768x530.jpg 768w, https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/FIG-2_-SAD.343_1_134-1536x1060.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/FIG-2_-SAD.343_1_134-2048x1413.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 858px) 100vw, 858px\" \/><figcaption><em>Figure 2: \u201cThe White Nile ferry coming into Juba,\u201d c. 1940. TRH Owen <span class=\"has-inline-color has-black-color\">(courtesy of Durham University Library, <\/span>SAD.343\/1\/134)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>By 1935, if not earlier, the town\u2019s population had begun to advance and recede throughout the year in a seasonal rhythm that was unmistakably linked to colonial labor demands. Between January and April, the town\u2019s population grew with the arrival of petty traders, domestic workers and other casual laborers, family members and various guests and other visitors. Officials worried that this population growth would loosen customary bonds of authority and mutual aid and breed vice and idleness, diverting hands from agricultural work. So, each April, at the start of the rains, officers made their way through Juba, rounding people up, loading them into government lorries, and \u2018despach[ing] them \u2026 to their home centres\u2019 to begin farming.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6860_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6860_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[7]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6860_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">L.R. Mills, The People of Juba: Demographics and Socio-Economic Characteristics of the Capital of Southern Sudan (University of Juba, 1981), 7.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6860_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> During most years, the residents of Juba\u2019s hinterlands could produce all their requirements, apart from trade articles; most people had little need for money, and no pressing reason to produce much more than they could use. Colonial officials imposed taxes across the countryside to ensure that on innumerable small and medium-sized plots, the farmers of Gumbo and other nearby settlements, produced a growing volume of ground-nuts, sesame, millet, and other foodstuffs, charcoal, timber and thatch for sale in markets in Juba.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6860_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6860_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[8]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6860_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">J.N. Richardson remarked that two years after the town had been established, \u2018the local population \u2026 still take little interest and have to be persuaded to supply the inhabitants with eggs and&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6860_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6860_1_8');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6860_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong>The African Forces Line of Communication<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<p>Juba has always been a remarkably global city. Nowhere were the effects of these world-wrapping connections more visible than in the rapid expansion of the town in response to the Second World War. South Sudanese first felt the war because of Sudan\u2019s border with Italian-occupied Libya and East Africa (Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Italian Somaliland). Italy entered the war in June 1940, and leaving nothing to chance, Anglo-Egyptian officials interned all Italian subjects in the country. By January 1941, the South\u2019s Italian priests and nuns had been confined to the Palotaka Catholic Mission, an out of the way station where they would be unable to observe the movement of troops along the Juba-Nimule road. In Khartoum, cinemas contributed ticket sales to support the Red Cross.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6860_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6860_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[9]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6860_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Helen Foley, Letters to her Mother: War-time in the Sudan 1938-1945 (Castle Cary: Somerset, 1992), 40.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6860_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> One moon-lit evening in Atbara, an Italian aircraft dropped incendiary bombs and high explosives very nearly into the town\u2019s \u2018packed open-air cinema.\u2019 (\u2018Miraculously, no-one was hurt.\u2019<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6860_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6860_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[10]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6860_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">C.R. Williams, Wheels and Paddles in the Sudan (1923-1946) (Petland Press: Edinburgh, 1986), 100<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6860_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>) And, in Juba, \u2018trigger-happy police are said to have regarded most approaching planes as Italian, and succeeded in holing but not harming a Lockheed and a Gladiator!\u2019<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6860_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6860_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[11]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6860_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Anon., \u201cThe Growth of Juba,\u201d Great Britain and the East (December, 1945), 42 <\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6860_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<p>Juba\u2019s location, beside the major land and river routes leading north to Egypt, was a major reason why its residents felt the effects of the war so strongly. The start of the war turned the once sleepy colonial town\u2014where lions were \u2018met in the streets [and] buffalo canter over the aerodrome\u2019\u2014into a bustling entrepot of the Allied war effort.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6860_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6860_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[12]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6860_1_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Anon., \u201cThe Growth of Juba,\u201d 42<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6860_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> \u2018All the machines of war, planes, ships and lorries poured men and materials into Juba and bore them off to battle areas,\u2019 wrote D.A. Penn, the Assistant District Commissioner in Juba.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6860_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6860_1_13');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[13]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6860_1_13\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Arthur Charles Beaton, Equatoria Province Handbook: Equatoria province (Khartoum, Sudan, 1951), 27.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_13').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6860_1_13', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> Between September 1940 and May 1941, war materials were moved from Mombasa to North Africa by way of Juba, requiring chiefs from Yambio to Kapoeta to raise 5,000 laborers to repair and maintain roads and reinforce bridges. Before the Second World War, about 2,000 tons of goods passed through Juba each year; by the early 1940s, about 60,000 tons per year passed through the town, an increase of almost 3,000 percent. So many planes overnighted in Juba in 1941 that the Juba Hotel was completely filled and the Sudan Railway\u2019s Hotel and Hospitality division, which managed the hotel, had to use the corridors of the Juba Hospital to accommodate passengers and crews.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6860_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6860_1_14');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[14]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6860_1_14\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">J.M. Pett &amp; Geoffrey Pett, White Water Landings (Princelings: Norwich, 2016), 166. For comparison: during 1940 the Sudan Medical Service inspected and cleared of insects only 64 aircraft in Juba;&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6860_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6860_1_14');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_14').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6860_1_14', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/FIG-3_-Tow-loaded-with-army-lorries-1024x723.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6700\" width=\"854\" height=\"603\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/FIG-3_-Tow-loaded-with-army-lorries-1024x723.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/FIG-3_-Tow-loaded-with-army-lorries-300x212.jpg 300w, https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/FIG-3_-Tow-loaded-with-army-lorries-768x542.jpg 768w, https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/FIG-3_-Tow-loaded-with-army-lorries-1536x1084.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/FIG-3_-Tow-loaded-with-army-lorries-2048x1445.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 854px) 100vw, 854px\" \/><figcaption><em>Figure 3: A &#8220;tow&#8221; loaded with army lorries navigating the Nile near Juba in Southern Sudan (C.R. Williams, 1942)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<p>Every day, from the U.K., the U.S.A., and Canada, ships full of vehicles, tanks, petrol and coal, machinery, radios, explosives, weapons, ammunition, and equipment of every sort arrived eighty miles up the estuary of the Congo River. At the Port of Matadi (Belgian Congo) workers unloaded the ships and transferred the cargo onto trains, which carried it to L\u00e9opoldville (Brazzaville, today Kinshasa). At L\u00e9opoldville it was loaded onto barges and pulled by stern-wheelers to Aketi; it was then carried by rail to Paulis (Isiro) before being loaded on to trucks and carried by road to Juba. At Juba, all these \u2018materials and machines of war\u2019 got several steps closer to the front. Workers there unloaded the trucks, secured the cargo on barges and, ultimately, sent it onward to Egypt by \u2018tow,\u2019 a steamer with seven or eight barges.<\/p>\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/FIG-4_-AFLOC-map-1024x735.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6703\" width=\"910\" height=\"652\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/FIG-4_-AFLOC-map-1024x735.png 1024w, https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/FIG-4_-AFLOC-map-300x215.png 300w, https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/FIG-4_-AFLOC-map-768x551.png 768w, https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/FIG-4_-AFLOC-map-1536x1102.png 1536w, https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/FIG-4_-AFLOC-map-2048x1469.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 910px) 100vw, 910px\" \/><figcaption><em>Figure 4: The African Forces Line of Communication (AFLOC) linked up the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States to Cairo, byway of Juba. This route was chosen because the Mediterranean was closed as a supply line by submarines.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<p>The scale of the disruption caused by the labor demands of military recruitment, increased food and timber production, and roadbuilding and maintenance was enormous. In 1942, the chiefs of Upper Nile and Equatoria (again) impressed more than 5,000 laborers to gravel the Yei-Juba Road. This was not enough. 2,000 more laborers were brought from the North, together with an Artisans and Works Company and two Pioneer Companies of the Sudan Defense Force, to build bridges and clear roads. The war so intensified the demand for labor that officials took to rounding up and arresting hundreds of \u2018able-bodied men\u2019 in order to put them to work as convicts. The Commissioner of Equatoria District found that \u2018in some cases young men are having to do three separate months of conscript labour in Juba every year, and sometimes more.\u2019<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6860_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6860_1_15');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[15]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6860_1_15\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Commissioner of Equatoria Province to the Civil Secretary (EP\/37.B.1, 9.1.1946) quoted in Salah El-Din El-Shazali Ibrahim, Peripheral Urbanism and the Sudan (PhD thesis, University of Hull, 1985), p.&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6860_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6860_1_15');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_15').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6860_1_15', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> Juba town alone required almost 1,500 conscript laborers to manage 1,000 tons per day of cargo and 800 vehicles each month.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6860_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6860_1_16');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[16]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6860_1_16\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Salah El-Din El-Shazali Ibrahim, Peripheral Urbanism and the Sudan (PhD thesis, University of Hull, 1985), p. 130<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_16').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6860_1_16', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> This increase in forced labor produced lasting demographic changes. Between 1939 and 1941, the town\u2019s male population rose from 600 to about 2,500.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6860_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6860_1_17');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[17]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6860_1_17\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Governor-General\u2019s Report on the Administration of the Sudan for the years 1939-41 (inclusive), 190. Another 1,200 or so men enlisted in the Sudan Defense Force. And perhaps 500 joined the King\u2019s&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6860_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6860_1_17');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_17').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6860_1_17', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/FIG-5_Juba-Wharf-SAD.917-1-12-1024x695.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6706\" width=\"906\" height=\"614\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/FIG-5_Juba-Wharf-SAD.917-1-12-1024x695.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/FIG-5_Juba-Wharf-SAD.917-1-12-300x203.jpg 300w, https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/FIG-5_Juba-Wharf-SAD.917-1-12-768x521.jpg 768w, https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/FIG-5_Juba-Wharf-SAD.917-1-12-1536x1042.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/FIG-5_Juba-Wharf-SAD.917-1-12-2048x1389.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 906px) 100vw, 906px\" \/><figcaption><em>Figure 5: Ferry at Juba, Robert O. Collins, photographer, 1956 (courtesy of Durham University Library, SAD.917\/1\/12, R.O. Collins collection, Sudan Archive Durham. Copyright)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<p>More than ever before, Juba\u2019s importance as a port of transit, a commercial center, and focus for administration in southernmost Southern Sudan, made it an essential link in the Allied chain of communications and transportation. Writing for Great Britain and the East in October 1948, a correspondent summed up twenty years\u2019 developments in the town in an article entitled \u2018Juba Puts Itself on the Map.\u2019 The town was so new, the author said, that \u2018you may not find it on quite good maps of Africa, while even on the very best maps it will probably still be shown along with several sister towns, whose importance Juba has long since eclipsed: Mongalla, Gondokoro, Lado, Rejaf.\u2019 <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6860_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6860_1_18');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[18]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6860_1_18\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Anon., \u201cJuba puts itself on the Map,\u201d Great Britain and the East (October, 1948), 38<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_18').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6860_1_18', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> The scale of change\u2014the influx of people, the churches and mosques, schools, a 300-bed hospital, an aerodrome, the introduction of electric light and filtered water supply, the election of an advisory town council, the congestion of vehicles, dust and livestock\u2014that came from the work of coordinating \u2018a vast army\u2019 of troops and laborers and the daily arrival of a thousand tons of cargo on lorries from Congo, meant that Juba was not only a noteworthy place in the mid-forties but also a permanent one.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6860_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6860_1_19');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_19\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[19]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6860_1_19\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Arthur Charles Beaton, Equatoria Province Handbook: Equatoria province (Khartoum, Sudan, 1951), 27.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_19').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6860_1_19', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"761\" height=\"973\" src=\"https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/FIG-6_-Store-in-Juba_c.1950.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6709\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/FIG-6_-Store-in-Juba_c.1950.jpg 761w, https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/FIG-6_-Store-in-Juba_c.1950-235x300.jpg 235w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 761px) 100vw, 761px\" \/><figcaption><em>Figure 6: Store in Juba (Central Office of Information, c.1950) reproduced in Hance, W. \u201cThe Zande Scheme in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.\u201d Economic Geography 31, no. 2 (1955), 155<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<p>It is not hard to understand why this was also a period of labor unrest. Juba\u2019s population doubled (from 4,135 to 8,265) during the four years following the end of the Second World War. Land allocated for \u2018native housing\u2019 was expanded: first Kosti, then (Hai) Malakal, Nimira Talata and Hilla Jallaba. Now workers were struggling to make ends meet. In his account of the formation of the Southern Sudan Welfare Committee and the 1947 strikes in Southern Sudan, Peter Garretson provides a table showing the rising cost of living in a southern town: in Juba, between 1938 and 1948, the price of dura increased by 283 percent; the price of meat and firewood increased 500 percent; rent increased 310 percent.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6860_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6860_1_20');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_20\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[20]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6860_1_20\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Peter Garretson, \u201cThe Southern Sudan Welfare Committee and the 1947 Strike in the Southern Sudan,\u201d Northeast African Studies 8, no. 2\/3 (1986), 183-4. <\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_20').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6860_1_20', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> Cloth was unavailable except at very high prices.<\/p>\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<p>To get by, urban residents developed modes of mutual aid and assistance. As a result, the end of the Second World War came to coincide with a wider transformation of the colonial public sphere in Juba. Town residents made their neighborhoods livable by forming small sanduq (\u2018box\u2019) saving schemes and rotating credit groups, sports teams, social clubs, and home-town organizations. These years also saw the growth of new forms of association outside the direct control of the colonial state: around beer shops, coffee stands, hashish parlors, dance halls, and football teams. These associations afforded opportunities for friendship, socializing, entertainment, advice, assistance, discussion and debate, and provided models for formal political organizations. Southern political parties were made, Christopher Tounsel has suggested, as much on the soccer pitch as in schools and colonial offices.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6860_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6860_1_21');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_21\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[21]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6860_1_21\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Christopher Tounsel, \u201cBefore the Bright Star: football in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan,\u201d Journal of Eastern African Studies 12, no. 4 (2018), 735-753.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_21').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6860_1_21', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> An adequate political history of South Sudan should focus not only on \u2018the educated\u2019 and the South Sudan Welfare Committee (SSWC), but also ordinary South Sudanese and the informal associations by which people scraped together enough to get by.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6860_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6860_1_22');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_22\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[22]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6860_1_22\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">This view of informal urban space as an arena of civil society has been taken up by a number of scholars. Nicki Kindersley, The Fifth column? An intellectual history of Southern Sudanese communities&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6860_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6860_1_22');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_22').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6860_1_22', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/FIG-7_Juba-Woman-Smoking-Market-SAD.917-1-9-1024x698.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6712\" width=\"904\" height=\"616\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/FIG-7_Juba-Woman-Smoking-Market-SAD.917-1-9-1024x698.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/FIG-7_Juba-Woman-Smoking-Market-SAD.917-1-9-300x204.jpg 300w, https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/FIG-7_Juba-Woman-Smoking-Market-SAD.917-1-9-768x523.jpg 768w, https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/FIG-7_Juba-Woman-Smoking-Market-SAD.917-1-9-1536x1047.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/FIG-7_Juba-Woman-Smoking-Market-SAD.917-1-9-2048x1395.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 904px) 100vw, 904px\" \/><figcaption><em>Figure 7: \u201cOld woman smoking at a vegetable stall in Juba suq,\u201d Robert O. Collins, photographer, 1956 (courtesy of Durham University Library, SAD.917\/1\/9, R.O. Collins collection, Sudan Archive Durham. Copyright)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<p>The Second World War connected Juba more firmly to other parts of Sudan. It had also helped to make status and regional differences more vivid. In his memoir of the period, Severino Fuli Ga\u2019le describes a visit to a southern official\u2019s grass-roofed house in Nimira Talata, which stood just a few hundred meters south of the \u2018better built \u201cAttala-Quarters\u201d of the northern porters who worked on the Juba quay.\u2019<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6860_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6860_1_23');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_23\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[23]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6860_1_23\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Severino Fuli Boki Tombe Ga\u2019le, Shaping a Free Southern Sudan: Memoirs of our Struggle 1934-1985 (Pauline, 2002), 18, 140.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_23').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6860_1_23', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> (Even better paid northern officials large houses were roofed with iron-sheet.) Long-standing and sharp differences in pay scales for Southerners and Northerners became a major source of grievance for \u2018Article II\u2019 staff, who were named after the pay scale classification for South Sudanese. Severino describes the heavy debts that he incurred to establish an independent family with his wife, Rozana Gune, and how \u2018the cost of living for [Juba\u2019s] inhabitants rocketed to unprecedented heights.\u2019<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6860_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6860_1_24');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_24\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[24]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6860_1_24\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Ga\u2019le, 2002, 18 &amp; 139.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_24').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6860_1_24', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> In those days, Article II class I staff received E\u00a3 1.5 per month, much less than the E\u00a3 2.5 that Peter Garretson suggests was necessary for a single man to cover basic living expenses in Juba.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6860_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6860_1_25');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_25\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[25]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6860_1_25\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Ga\u2019le, 2002, 136-137.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_25').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6860_1_25', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<p>It took a great deal of organizing, and confrontational protests, partly inspired by the example of wartime work stoppages and railway strikes in Atbara and Mombasa, to compel the colonial government to raise wages and to address discrepancies between Northern and Southern pay scales. In October 1947, striking Sudan Medical Service workers, Province headquarters clerks, and Posts &amp; Telegraph trainees were joined by other workers, including the police, in picketing roads around Juba town, the Yei road, the crossing at Khor-Bou, and the road from the Native Lodging Area. Sympathetic strikes were organized in Wau, Rumbek, Tonj, and Yei with the help of the South Sudan Welfare Committee, whose members shrewdly interceded with officials to represent the strikers.<\/p>\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<p>The strikes were organized in \u201cNimira Talata,\u201d a neighborhood named after its class designation, and the Native Lodging Areas, where southern students and junior officials met to compose telegrams and discuss their demands. All this work organizing people of varied backgrounds drew on social habits developed by residents of the town\u2019s popular quarters to make them livable and has often been eclipsed in official records by events like the strikes of 1947. Still, colonial officials also worried about what residents might be getting up to. In March of 1950, R.G. Dingwall, the District Commissioner of Juba, drawing on long-standing fears of \u2018detribalization,\u2019 complained that though the town council had approved a police post, butcher\u2019s shop, and vegetable market for the Native Lodging Area, work had been stalled by the absence of the town surveyor: \u2018The Native Lodging Area, which has extended its area considerably in recent years, is two miles from the police post and main Juba market. The population is losing its tribal ties and is badly organized. It is desired to restore discipline to it by (a) improving amenities and giving the population a higher standard and improving supervision and control.\u2019<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6860_1('footnote_plugin_reference_6860_1_26');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_26\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[26]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6860_1_26\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">R.G. Dingwall, 1950, \u201cMarket and police post sites in NLA, Juba,\u201d March 29th, 1950. (JUB JD\/38\/G\/2)<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_26').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_6860_1_26', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<p>Memoirs of post-World War II Southern Sudan like Severino Ga\u2019le\u2019s describe a time of intense intellectual activity alongside much organizational labor in a growing town. Juba had wide streets and many buildings, a busy wharf and an aerodrome, but beyond that, by the late 1940s, it had developed a character, a distinct way of getting along, which certainly had something to do with the conditions of its establishment but more to do with ordinary residents and the likes of Karisyo Ludoru, Daniel Jumi Tongun, Marako Rume Morgan, Nicola Obwaya, Placido Laboke, Chuol Macot Lual\u2014the young students and junior officials arrested as the purported ringleaders of the 1947 strike in Juba. This period, with the transformations worked on Juba by the Second World War and the organizing labors of ordinary residents, has often been overshadowed in accounts of South Sudan\u2019s history by a war that had not yet begun. It wouldn\u2019t be overdramatic to say that Juba was vital to the Allied victory, or that ordinary South Sudanese established Juba as an enduring place by working together to make it livable; at the very least, the period is an important one in the making of Juba.<\/p>\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<p>-Brendan Tuttle<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<div class=\"us_posts_bottom\" style=\"margin-top:50px;margin-bottom:50px;\"><div class=\"us_wrapper us_share_buttons us_tac us_skin_minimal\" data-text=\"Juba in the Making\" data-url=\"http:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6860\" data-ajaxnetworks=\"facebook\"><div class=\"us_facebook us_first us_button\"><a class=\"us_box\" href=\"#\"><div class=\"us_share\"><i class=\"us-icon-facebook\"><\/i><\/div><div class=\"us_count\"><\/div><\/a><\/div><div class=\"us_twitter us_last us_no_count us_button\"><a class=\"us_box\" href=\"#\"><div class=\"us_share\"><i class=\"us-icon-twitter\"><\/i><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_6860_1();\">References<\/span><span class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_6860_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_6860_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_6860_1\" style=\"\"> <table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6860_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6860_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">J. N. Richardson, \u201cBari Notes,\u201d Sudan Notes and Records 16, no. 2 (1933), 181-186.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6860_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6860_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">C.H. Piercy, 1966, Public Works in Equatoria Province 1928-1938 (SAD 298\/4\/2). Governor-General\u2019s Report on the finances, administration and condition of the Sudan in 1928, pp. 139-140. The village is referred to as \u201cNobari\u201d or \u201cJuba Nubary\u201d in documents in the 1950s, during discussions about how to compensate its residents, who had been relocated by Province Authorities in 1930 and 1934. JUB EP\/38\/A\/5 (Vol. I, 1949\/56), 112-114. Juba Town Lands Scheme, 1947. \u201cJuba Land Settlement,\u201d \u201cJudgement,\u201d &amp; \u201cList of Persons Entitled to Land in Juba Nubary,\u201d 23rd November, 1950. See also: Shuichiro Nakao, \u201cA history from below: Malakia in Juba, South Sudan, c. 1927\u20131954,\u201d The Journal of Sophia Asian Studies 31 (2013),139-160.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6860_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6860_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">This road came to be known as the \u201cRoute Royale\u201d after it was used by King Albert of the Belgians to make his way to the Congo to open the Albert National Park.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6860_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_4');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6860_1_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Governor-General\u2019s Report on the finances, administration and condition of the Sudan in 1928, pp. 139-140.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6860_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_5');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6860_1_5\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Yellow Fever was detected in South Sudan in 1933. Officials considered moving the aerodrome, but no other suitable place could be found. To prevent the spread of Yellow Fever, a residential cordon of 3km was established around the landing area. O. F. H. Atkey, \u2018Sur les mesures qui seront prises au Soudan Anglo-\u00c9gyptien pour r\u00e9aliser dans les aerodromes de Juba et de Malakal les conditions requises pour les aerodromes anti-amarils,\u2019 Bulletin de l&#8217;Office International d&#8217;Hygiene Publique 27 (1935), 2377-9. Governor-General\u2019s Reports on the finances, administration and condition of the Sudan in 1934, p. 79, 126.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6860_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_6');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6860_1_6\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Governor-General\u2019s Reports on the finances, administration and condition of the Sudan in 1930. p. 136.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6860_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_7');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6860_1_7\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">L.R. Mills, The People of Juba: Demographics and Socio-Economic Characteristics of the Capital of Southern Sudan (University of Juba, 1981), 7.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6860_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_8');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6860_1_8\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">J.N. Richardson remarked that two years after the town had been established, \u2018the local population \u2026 still take little interest and have to be persuaded to supply the inhabitants with eggs and fowls, etc. [and] there is no suggestion that any want to move their villages nearer to Juba, so as to be at hand for the market.\u2019 J.N. Richardson, \u201cBari Notes,\u201d Sudan Notes and Records 16, no. 2 (1933), p. 184. Imposing taxes was a convenient way for colonial authorities to ensure that residents of Juba\u2019s hinterlands had a compelling need for money. By 1941, Juba town required \u201cthe whole purchasable surplus of the Juba District to feed it.\u201d Governor-General\u2019s Report on the Administration of the Sudan for the years 1939-41 (inclusive), p. 191.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6860_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_9');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6860_1_9\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Helen Foley, Letters to her Mother: War-time in the Sudan 1938-1945 (Castle Cary: Somerset, 1992), 40.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6860_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_10');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6860_1_10\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">C.R. Williams, Wheels and Paddles in the Sudan (1923-1946) (Petland Press: Edinburgh, 1986), 100<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6860_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_11');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6860_1_11\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Anon., \u201cThe Growth of Juba,\u201d Great Britain and the East (December, 1945), 42 <\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6860_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_12');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6860_1_12\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Anon., \u201cThe Growth of Juba,\u201d 42<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi\" ><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6860_1_13\" class=\"footnote_backlink\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6860_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_13');\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13,<\/a> <a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6860_1_19\" class=\"footnote_backlink\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6860_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_19');\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>19<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Arthur Charles Beaton, Equatoria Province Handbook: Equatoria province (Khartoum, Sudan, 1951), 27.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6860_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_14');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6860_1_14\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">J.M. Pett &amp; Geoffrey Pett, White Water Landings (Princelings: Norwich, 2016), 166. For comparison: during 1940 the Sudan Medical Service inspected and cleared of insects only 64 aircraft in Juba; in 1941 Medical staff inspected 1,014, or sixteen times the number of aircraft. H.A. Crouch, Public Health and Hygiene, Sudan Medical Service, Report of the Sudan Medical Service (Khartoum, 1941), 18.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6860_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_15');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6860_1_15\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>15<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Commissioner of Equatoria Province to the Civil Secretary (EP\/37.B.1, 9.1.1946) quoted in Salah El-Din El-Shazali Ibrahim, Peripheral Urbanism and the Sudan (PhD thesis, University of Hull, 1985), p. 130.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6860_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_16');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6860_1_16\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>16<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Salah El-Din El-Shazali Ibrahim, Peripheral Urbanism and the Sudan (PhD thesis, University of Hull, 1985), p. 130<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6860_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_17');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6860_1_17\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>17<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Governor-General\u2019s Report on the Administration of the Sudan for the years 1939-41 (inclusive), 190. Another 1,200 or so men enlisted in the Sudan Defense Force. And perhaps 500 joined the King\u2019s African Rifles and travelled as far afield as India, Burma, and Ceylon.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6860_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_18');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6860_1_18\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>18<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Anon., \u201cJuba puts itself on the Map,\u201d Great Britain and the East (October, 1948), 38<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6860_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_20');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6860_1_20\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>20<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Peter Garretson, \u201cThe Southern Sudan Welfare Committee and the 1947 Strike in the Southern Sudan,\u201d Northeast African Studies 8, no. 2\/3 (1986), 183-4. <\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6860_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_21');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6860_1_21\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>21<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Christopher Tounsel, \u201cBefore the Bright Star: football in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan,\u201d Journal of Eastern African Studies 12, no. 4 (2018), 735-753.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6860_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_22');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6860_1_22\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>22<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">This view of informal urban space as an arena of civil society has been taken up by a number of scholars. Nicki Kindersley, The Fifth column? An intellectual history of Southern Sudanese communities in Khartoum, 1969-2005 (PhD dissertation, Durham University, 2016); Ahmad Alawad Sikainga, Slaves into Workers: Emancipation and Labor in Colonial Sudan (University of Texas Press: Austin, 1996), 161-65; Christopher Tounsel, \u201cBefore the Bright Star: football in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan,\u201d Journal of Eastern African Studies 12, no. 4 (2018), 735-753.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6860_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_23');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6860_1_23\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>23<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Severino Fuli Boki Tombe Ga\u2019le, Shaping a Free Southern Sudan: Memoirs of our Struggle 1934-1985 (Pauline, 2002), 18, 140.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6860_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_24');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6860_1_24\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>24<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Ga\u2019le, 2002, 18 &amp; 139.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6860_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_25');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6860_1_25\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>25<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Ga\u2019le, 2002, 136-137.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_6860_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_6860_1_26');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_6860_1_26\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>26<\/a><\/td> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">R.G. Dingwall, 1950, \u201cMarket and police post sites in NLA, Juba,\u201d March 29th, 1950. (JUB JD\/38\/G\/2)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_6860_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_6860_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_6860_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_6860_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_6860_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_6860_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_6860_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_6860_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_6860_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_6860_1(); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_6860_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_6860_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Juba was established on a rocky ridge extending east from Jebel K\u00f6r\u00f6k (popularly called Jebel Kujur) to a bend in the Bahr al Jebel where it was deep enough for steamer traffic. Unlike many of South Sudan\u2019s towns (Wau, Tonj, Shambe, Meshra-el-Rek, Rumbek, Bor, and so forth), Juba was not a former slaving station that &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/it\/to-the-juba-wharf\/\">Continua<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":6744,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[83,85,87,88,77,112,96,86,92,95,22,108],"tags":[119],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6860\/"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post\/"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5\/"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments\/?post=6860"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6860\/revisions\/"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6874,"href":"https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6860\/revisions\/6874\/"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6744\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/?parent=6860"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories\/?post=6860"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jubainthemaking.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags\/?post=6860"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}